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发表于 2012-10-26 18:56:25
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本帖最后由 12345 于 2012-10-26 19:06 编辑
business ethics
1 Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that lectures on business ethics have been included in their syllabuses of study：选修商业课程的学生多少感到惊讶地发现他们的课程中，还有关于商业道德方面的讲座。
They often do not realize that, later in their careers, they may be tempted to bend their principles to get what they want：他们通常不会认识到，在他们以后的职业生涯中，为了达到目的，他们可能会做出违心的事情。
Be tempted to do：to be attracted to do 受…诱惑而去做…
perhaps also they are not fully aware that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, this type of corruption has been a way of life for centuries：可能他们没有完全意识到，在许多国家，形形色色的贿赂形式在增加；在有些国家里，这类腐败现象几个世纪以来早已成了一种正常办事的模式。
Be aware that… 意识到…
2 In dealing with the topic of business ethics, some lecturers ask students how they would act in the following situation：在上商业道德课时，有一些讲课者问学生在以下情况中他们会怎样做：
suppose you were head of a major soft-drinks company and you want to break into a certain overseas market where the growth potential for your company is likely to be very great indeed：假设你是一家重要软饮料公司的头头，你想打入某个对公司发展前景看好的海外市场。
During negotiations with government officials of this country, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that…：在与这个国家的政府官员谈判期间，贸易部长明确表示……
if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import licence for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid"bureaucratic delays",as he puts it：如果你给他足够的好处，你会发现获得重要的产品进口通行证很容易，同时，正如他说的那样，你还可能避免"因官僚主义而延误"的情况。
Now, the question is：do you pay up or stand by your principles?：现在问题是：你是按数付钱，还是坚持你的原则？
Pay up：付清借款，此处指"向索贿者交付他想要的数目"；stand by 遵守
英文解析：Now when you find yourself in such a situation, do you give him the money he demands, or stick with your principles and refuse to bride him?
Offer sb. sth.：向某人提供某物；Offer to do sth：提议做某事；Offer …for sth：出价
☆ Pay up：还清全部借款
☆ Pay sth. off：全部还清，偿清（借款）
例：He tried his best to pay up his debts.
☆ Pay for sth.：付款；为…付出代价
例：I paid $200 for the painting.
例：I will make him pay for ruining my chance.
☆ Pay （sb.） to do sth.：对…有好处
例：Does it pay to make sacrifices for children?
☆ Pay attention to ：注意
例：Pay attention to what I'm saying.
Part 2：（Paras. 3-4）
3 It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago the British car manufacturer, British Leyland, was accused of operating a"slush fund", and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers with padded commission, offering additional discounts and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland：应该具有很高的道德标准，说起来容易做起来难，事实上在这种情况下人们真正会怎么做呢？以前，英国汽车制造商British Leyland，被指控设有一笔用来支付非法事项的款子以及搞其他不正当做法，如向代理商和买方支付高额回扣、提供附加折扣以及向瑞士银行某些具体账号存款等。
Accuse sb. of sth.：控告某人某事
Deposit money 存钱
The company rejected these allegations and they were later withdrawn：这家公司驳回这些指控，后来这些指控被撤消。
Nevertheless, at this time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private："Look, we're in a wheeling-dealing business：然而，在这个时候，英国汽车行业的一些人私下会这样说："瞧！我们所干的事竞争异常激烈，往往需要不择手段。"
Be prepared to do sth. 准备做某事；In private：私下 （反义词in public公开）
Every year we're selling more than a ￡1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million greasing the palms of some of the buyers, who's hurt? If we didn't do it, someone else would"：每年我们在海外要卖出价值10亿英镑的汽车，要是我们花上几百万贿赂买方，对我们的利益毫无损害。我们不这么做，别人也会干的。
If we spend a few million greasing the palms of some of the buyers, who's hurt?
英文解析：It is worthwhile to bride some of our buyers with a few millions so as to secure contracts worth ￡1,000 million.
4 It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life：行贿和其他不正当的送钱的情况越来越多，这种印象很难磨灭。的确，这种情况好像已经成了商界无可争辩的事实。
To take just one example, the Chrysler Corporation, third largest of the U. S. motor manufacturers, disclosed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976：仅以美国第三大汽车制造商克莱斯勒公司为例，该公司透露说从1971至1976年他们就支付了超过250万美元的不正当的款项。
By making this revelation, it joined more than 300 U. S. companies that had admitted to the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made dubious payments of one kind or another-bribes, facilitating payments, extra discounts, etc.-in recent years：透露了这一秘密之后，该公司也加入了向美国证券交易署承认近年来曾经支付过各种不正当的款项-行贿、疏通费以及附加折扣等-的三百多家公司的行列。
For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad categories：为了讨论便利起见，我们把这种款项分为三大类。
Divide…into：把…分为
Part 3：（Paras. 5-10）
5 The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts：为了政治目的，或是为了获得重大项目合同而付的巨款属第一类。
Consist of：由….组成（Be composed of，Be made up of）Constitute：组成
例：Our class consists of / is composed of / is made up of 40 students.
40 students constitute our class.
For example, the U. S. conglomerate ITT（International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation）offered a large sum of money in support of a U. S. presidential candidate at a time when it was under investigation for possible violations of the U. S. anti-trust law：例如，在调查美国ITT（国际电话电报公司）是否违反美国反托拉斯法案之际，该集团为支持一位美国总统候选人提供了大量资金。
In favor of sb./sth：to support支持，赞同
This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance efforts to overthrow the Marxist government of Chile whose President was Salvadore Allende：这家公司还被揭露，愿意资助推翻以萨尔瓦多·阿连德为总统的智利马克思主义政府的种种尝试。
Overthrow：remove 推翻、颠覆
6 In this category, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petrochemical and construction contracts.
在这一类中，还包括用大笔金钱贿赂统治阶层或与其关系密切的顾问，以获得军火交易或重要的石化及建筑合同。
In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that ￡1 million had been paid by a British company to a"go-between"who helped clinch a deal for supply of tanks to that country：在涉及与伊朗进行武器交易的案件中，一位证人声称一家英国公司向助其达成供应伊朗坦克的买卖的"中间人"支付了100万英镑。
Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party funds：其他国家也有对外国公司施加压力使其为党派基金捐款的情况。
7 The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of bureaucracy：第二类包含为了使官方更快批准某个项目以及为了加快官僚机构运作所支付的款项。
An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he hit upon the answer：在这一类中有个有趣的例子。一个销售经理为了向加勒比某国的工程部长推销筑路机械，已经努力了好几个月。最后终于想出了办法。
Discovering that the minister was a bibliophile, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister：了解到那位部长是个藏书家，他买了一本书的珍稀版本，在书里夹了两万美元，然后把书献给了部长。
This man examined its contents, then said："I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work"：此人看了书中所含，然后说："据我所知，此书有两卷本的版本。"
The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied："My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with an appendix!"A short time later, the deal was approved：机智的销售经理回答说："先生，两卷本超越了敝公司之财力，不过我们能为您提供一部带有附录的版本。"不久之后，这桩交易获得批准。
8 The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to facilitate the passage of a business deal：第三类是指在一些需要疏通有关人员生意才能顺利进行的国家里（外国公司）所支付的款子。
Passage途径＝path
Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Far Eastern countries.
9 The payment may be made by a foreign company to ensure that a tender is put on a selective contract list or the company may pay so that an import licence for essential equipment is approved：为了确保其投标项目能够被列入经过筛选的合同名单，或是为了使其重要设备的进口得以顺利批准，外国公司可能要为此而支付一笔钱。
Sometimes an expensive gift may be necessary to soften up a government official：有时为了使一位政府官员手软，需要向他馈赠一份昂贵的礼物。
10 A common type in this category is the "facilitating payment" -usually a smaller sum of money -made to certain customs officials to clear cargoes.
译: "疏通费"是这类贿赂中常见的一种形式，一般数额不太大，是为了让货物顺利通过海关，向海关官员支付的钱。
One businessman has told the story of the delivery of 10,000 bottles of sterile penicillin at the airport of a Far Eastern country.
译:一位商人讲了关于一万瓶无菌青霉素运至某个远东国家机场的情况。
It was apparently customary to pay customs officials about $ 250 upon arrival of each shipment to "get them out of the sun".
译: 此地很明显的惯例是每一批货到港后，为了让海关官员不找麻烦要付给他们250美元。
In this case, the company was not prepared to make such a payment, so no money changed hands.
译：这回，这家公司不愿意花这种钱，因此没有送钱。
The Minister of Health of that nation then ordered that each phial be opened for inspection, thereby destroying the whole shipment.
译：其后该国卫生部部长下令每一小瓶（青霉素）都要打开检查，从而毁了整批药品。
11 Is it possible to formulate a code of rules for companies which would outlaw bribery in all its forms?
析：It 为形式主语，真正的主语是to引导的动词不定式。
译：为公司制定经营条例从而使各种形式的行贿活动成为非法，这可行吗？
The International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct which would ban the giving and seeking of bribes.
give bribe: 行贿。
译：国际商会主张制定禁止受贿、索贿的经营法规。
Ban = forbid 禁止
This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and padded fees. A council has been proposed to administer the code.
between …and… 在…之间
译：此法规要分清何为正当服务所付之佣金而何为超高佣金。有人建议成立一个执行机构。
favour（favor）:
①v.支持.
② n. in favor of sb./Sth.= favor sb./Sth.支持某人/某事。
③ ask a favor of sb.=ask sb. a favor 请某人帮忙。
④ do sb. a favor = do a favor for sb. 帮助某人。
⑤ in sb.'s favor 有利于某人。
⑥ in (out of) favor 受宠（失宠）
12 Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code.
析：enforce =put…into practice
译：不幸的是，就如何执行该法规这一问题，ICC成员内部出现了分歧。
The British members, led by Lord Shawcross, would like the system to have enough legal teeth to make companies behave themselves. "It's no use having a dog without teeth," they argue.
译：以肖克罗斯勋爵为首的英国会员们认为这个法规应有足够的法律约束力，让各公司规规矩矩地办事。他们认为："养一条没有牙齿的狗毫无用处。"
It is no use/useless/no good doing sth.
no use/useless/no good这些词后都跟动名词。It 为形式主语，真正的主语是动名词。
However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law; the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything.
译：但是，法国代表认为制定和执行法律是政府的职责，像ICC这种商业团体的职责是告诉大家是非，而不是执行什么法规。
13 In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that "industry is caught in a web of bribery" and that everyone is "on the take".
on the take: 接受贿赂，敲诈，伺机损人利己
译：在一家英国著名的报纸上，最近一位撰稿人指出"实业界已经陷入贿赂的网络"，人人都"受贿"。
This is probably an exaggeration.
译：这可能有些夸张。
However, today's businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience.
译：然而，今天的商人在海外市场进行销售时，在许多情况下很难做到既维护自己的商业利益又符合自己的道德准则。
Conscience: n. 良心
Conscious: adj. 清醒的，有意识的
Ⅲ. Vocabulary Exercises
3. Complete the following sentences.
1) Put suitable preposition or adverbs in the blanks.
(1)In China the number of people who own a car is on the increase.
the number of +n. …的数量(谓语动词用单数)
a number of +n. 许多（谓语动词用复数）
(2)The government has resolved to battle corruption in various forms to the bitter end.
译：政府下定决心和各种形式的腐败斗争到底。
(3)He's always paying lip service and seldom stands by his promises.
译：他总是言而无信。
(4)The city has great potential for economic development.
译：这个城市在经济发展方面有很大的潜力。
(5)The family contributed $50,000 in support of the local government's effort to eliminate poverty.
译：这个家庭捐了5万美元来支持当地政府消除贫穷。
eliminate =get rid of 消除，摆脱
(6)The gift was divided into 10 equal parts and everyone had a share.
(7)The case under investigation involves several highranking officials.
译：正被调查的案子涉及到几个高层官员。
(8)For a whole week they had been trying to find a solution to their problem, and finally Lao Liu hit upon a good idea.
(9)The UN put great pressure on both countries to withdraw their troops from the area.
译：为了让两国从该地区撤军，联合国给其施加了巨大压力。
(10)One day Andersen went to ask a favour of the princes of Denmark.
译： 一天安徒生请丹麦王子帮忙。
(11)He has paid heavily for what he did. It's a lesson he will never forget.
译：他为他所做的事情付出了沉重的代价，这是他永远都不会忘记的教训。
(12)Do you think he will be able to pay all his debts off by the end of this month?
译：你认为他在这个月底能付清他的债务吗？
2) Choosing correct word from the brackets.
(1) This novel is another story about the battle between good and evil. (evil, bad)
(2)I was very lucky to have an opportunity to spend a year in Paris when I was a student. (occasion, opportunity)
(3)The shops are to close tomorrow because it's a(n) holiday.(holiday, leave)
vacation 指一类特殊群体的人特有的假期，例：学生、老师
holiday 指法律规定的固定假期。
vocation=job 工作
(4)It's interesting work but the pay isn't very good.(fee, pay)
fee: 费用
(5)They searched the whole building to ensure that the suspect was not there. (assure, ensure)
assure sb. of sth. 确信，保证，担保
assure sb. that 从句
ensure that 从句
insure: 投..保
reassure: v. 安慰，打消…的疑虑
4.Choose the best word for each blank.
We don't know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (1)Historical (Ancient, Historic, Historical, Old) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived over three thousand years ago ate (2) salted (salt, salted, salting, salty ) fish.
ancient: adj. 远古的，旧的。
Historical: 历史（上）的、有关历史的
salted: 腌制的。
Stealing salt was considered a major crime at certain times in history. In eighteenth century, for instance, if a person was(3)caught (arrested, caught, got, seized) "stealing salt ", he could be put in prison. History (4)records (reads, records, reveals, says) that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century(5)for (as, by, for, through) stealing salt.
In the modern world salt has many uses (6)beyond (besides, beyond, except, over) the dining table. It is used in making glass and airplane (7)parts (bits, elements, parts, pieces), in the (8)growing (bearing, developing, growing, training) of crops, and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to melt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (9)fix (fasten, fix, preserve, tie) colours in cloth.
Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation (蒸发) of salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (10)many (little, many , much, more) common process for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a "salt bush". Yet, (11)however (however, whatever, whenever, wherever), it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important(12)role (duty, function, responsibility, role) in the lives of men and women everywhere.
play an important role in…=play an important part in…在…方面起重要作用。
Ⅳ. Grammar & Usage
1.more
1)more … than =rather than 与其….不如…
eg. He is more quick-witted than hardworking.(与其说他肯干，不如说他脑子快。)
less …than
eg. He is less hardworking than quick-witted.
2)no more +名词+than +名词，表示"不是…..,也不是……".
同neither …nor
eg. He is no more a writer than a painter .
Neither….nor…既不….也不….
3)more than 极其…不止..
eg. When I told them I needed their help, they were more than willing to give me a hand.
当我告诉他们我需要他们帮助的时候，他们不只是愿意帮我一个忙。
2.most
1) 非常、很
eg. I will be most greatful if you would grant me the scholarship.
如果你能给我提供奖学金的话我一定非常高兴
2) the most +adj.最高级
3) most+adv.最高级
Exercises
4.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (revision: tenses and voices).
1) She was having (have) breakfast when the morning paper came.
When:表示一个动作正在进行，另一个动作突然发生。
2) By the time Jane gets home, her mother will have left (leave ) for Chile.
eg. By the end of the term, we'll have learned 6,000 words.
eg. By the end of last term, we'd finished the book.
3) Lead has been used (use) as a material for sculpture since the time of the early Greeks.
Since:既然、自从
表示自从的时候，主句要用完成时
have
has done …since 自从
4) Although he had practised (practise) law for only a few years, he was chose to be a district judge last year.
for＋段时间，要用完成时
5) It has been raining (rain) all morning and I don't think it'll ever stop.
all morning=the whole morning 整个早上，所以动词用延续性表示。
表示动作的延续性用现在完成进行时 have/has + been + doing
eg. I have been waiting for him for an hour. 我已经等了他一个小时了（还要继续等下去）
6) I'd very much like to have gone to the party , but I wasn't invited. (not invite).
7) There goes (go ) the bus; we'll have to wait for the next.
8) They have lived in the village for a long time and know (know ) every man, woman, and child for miles around.
for miles around并不是一段时间，因此know不需要用完成时
Know:表示一般情况
9) They have suffered (suffer ) a lot of misfortune in the past five years.
10) As a general rule, snakes don't bite (not bite ) unless attacked.
表一般性规律 |
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楼主: 12345
狗仔卡
无它.唯耳熟而已)
发表于 2012-11-7 00:42:19