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我是山东大学的一名教师,写了一本书,《被遗忘的战争——咸丰同治年间广东土客大械斗研究》,商务印书馆,2003年4月。字数约33万,27元。南京大学蔡少卿教授、哈佛大学孔飞力教授为本书作序
该书讲的是所谓“客家第五次大迁徙“的动因,希望大家看后提意见。
以下是中英文内容提要
《被遗忘的战争——咸丰同治年间广东土客大械斗研究》
内 容 提 要
咸丰同治年间广东土客大械斗是一件被人们遗忘或曰忽略的重大历史事件。这场械斗规模之大,死伤之众,影响之深,在中国历史上是仅见的。因为它被当时的政府及后来的学者只是视为“民间私斗”而不予重视,加上当时有太平军、洪兵、第二次鸦片战争等一浪又一浪的汹涌波涛,在中国近代史、客家学这两个热门领域里,这场械斗成了人们记忆中的死角。
本文利用大量档案、官书和方志等资料,对发生于咸丰同治年间的这场土客大械斗作了比较详细的记述和评论。全文共分三编,计十章。
上编讲述了这场斗祸的远因与近因。由于客家移民及其产生的社会问题是这场斗祸的主要原因,故本编对客家由来及其与土民的关系进行了仔细分析。
第一章针对客家的源流、民俗与性格特征等问题作了阐述。我认为,客家移民在长期的防御与逆境中形成了强烈的能动性因子(朝正面方向发展,便是积极的进取精神;朝负面方向发展,就是容易挑起事端)。
第二章具体谈到了清初客家自惠潮嘉等地南下至广东中西部地区以后与当地广府系居民(本文一般称为土民)所发生的摩擦与冲突。
第三章讲述了广东洪兵起义时官府依仗客勇“讨贼”、客民借机报复土民并引发斗祸之事。
中编对这场斗祸的基本情形作了勾勒。第四章就斗祸的时间跨度与空间分布作了探讨,澄清了以往记载中的讹误。
第五、六、七章对斗祸中的主战场如鹤山、恩平、开平、新宁、高明和阳春等县的情况进行了叙述和分析,将这场斗祸的基本情况展现在人们面前。
下编主要讲述清政府针对这场斗祸所采取的对策与斗祸的基本平息。
第八章对清廷在应对这场斗祸时所遭遇到的困难作了分析。
第九章首先回顾了清朝对付械斗的法律,接着谈到地方官员与皇帝对斗祸的初步反应以及采取的对策。
第十章讲述了当局基本解决这场斗祸的情形,同时谈到了这场斗祸的后遗症,尤其是光绪初年发生于海南儋州的土客械斗。
该项研究不仅讲述了一件被人们遗忘的历史事件,而且由于涉及到近现代客家分布的由来,所以本文对历史学、客家学的研究都具有填补空白的意义。
I’ve done some repairs. Please make decisive correction.
The Hakka-Punti War in Guangdong, 1854-1867
Abstract
From 1854 to 1867, a series of bloody battles broke out between the Hakka (guest people, or a branch of Chinese nation) and Punti (native people, or local Cantonese) in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong. Collectively, these outbreaks came to be known as the Hakka-Punti War.
In some respects this regional war was unique in Chinese history. It has nevertheless been overlooked by historians of Guangdong and the late imperial period more generally, in favor of the wider inter-regional rebellions and international wars that shook the Qing Dynasty in the mid-nineteenth century, including the Taiping Rebellion, the Tiandihui Rebellion, and the Opium Wars. By comparison, the Hakka-Punti War has been dismissed as an inter-ethnic feud of no great consequence beyond the villages and townships devastated by the conflict. In fact, however, the scale and character of the conflict, the considerable death and casualty rates, and the influence that the war exerted in and beyond Guangdong merit close historical scrutiny.
This study draws on archives, local records, government documents and official publications to recount the Hakka-Punti War in detail, to analyze its causes and effects, and to assess its historical significance.
The study is divided into three parts, made up of ten chapters in all.
Part One deals with the war’s remote and immediate causes, paying particular attention to the movement of Hakka immigrants and the social consequences of their migration to central and western Guangdong. The first chapter introduces the history of the Hakka people, including their customs and characteristics. The second traces the patterns of Hakka migration from Huizhou, Chaozhou and Jiaying to central and western Guangdong, and explores their relations with the local Cantonese (Punti) people they encountered along the way. Chapter three recounts the government’s deployment of Hakka braves in suppressing the Tiandihui Rebellion in Guangdong, including accounts of Hakka reprisals against local Cantonese in the period preceding the Hakka-Punti War.
Part Two narrates the basic development of the war, with a particular view to correcting errors in earlier historical accounts. It includes 4 chapters. The fourth chapter sets out the chronological and spatial dimensions of the War itself. The other three chapters in this section narrate and analyze the basic development of the war across its major battlefields in Heshan, Enping, Kaiping, Xinning, Gaoming, Yangchun, and elsewhere, to show how the war unfolded in its local contexts.
Part Three deals with the policies and methods adopted by the imperial government to resolve the conflict. Chapter eight analyzes the difficulties the Qing encountered in seeking to bring the war to an end. Chapter nine considers the laws in effect under the Qing for dealing with local feuds, and analyzes the initial responses of local officials and the imperial court to the war in question. The final chapter traces the process by which the war was basically brought to an end.Why basically? bearing in mind that conflicts continued to flare intermittently, most notably in 1878.
This landmark study not only restores an important historical event to its rightful place in the annals of modern China, but also offers important new insights into the history of the Hakka people. |
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