【转帖】Origin of Hakka 客家探源
Origin of Hakka 客家探源来自：惠阳风情网
在惠阳98%以上的本地人是客家人，客家人是一个勤劳、节俭却又有点封闭的群体，主要从事农耕。所谓“客家”就是外来人的意思。
客家人起源于黄河流域，早在公元四世纪就开始了长期的移民。当时是为了逃避战乱和灾荒，后来是由于人口膨胀而不得不扩张地盘而移民。
闽西的客家土楼围屋 The Hakka's round earth buildings in west Fujian
More than 98% of the native population in Huiyang are Hakka. The Hakka are a thrifty, industrious people tend to be very clannish, chiefly agricultural, diligence, and love for the land. They became known as the Hakkas, which means "Guest People.
The Hakka actually began a long series of migrations in the 4th century, when they left the Yellow River area in northern China to escape invasions and chaotic wars. Many moved to less populated areas because of the pressure of population growth.
唐朝末年，当华北地区爆发黄巢的农民起义时，一群华北人迁徙到南方的福建和广东省。约在13世纪时进入广东。由于平原和三角洲地带已被别人占领，所以，他们只好定居在较为贫瘠的山区。其中一些人来到了惠阳，他们发现这里山水相宜，尤其是周围与世隔绝的山嶺给了他们的安全感，于是定居下来。经过辛勤的耕耘，使这里成为适宜耕作的地方。
A group of North Chinese migrated to South China, especially Guangdong and Fujian provinces, during the late Tang dynasty, when North China was in chaos caused by the peasants rebellion of Huangchao. They moved to Guangdong in 13th century. Because they were late comer and were not welcomed into the settled lowland and delta communities and they were forced into less fertile uplands. Some time later, some Hakkas settled in Huiyang, a lovely mountain valley with deep, rich soil and some small rivers.-- they felt at home because the hills provided isolation and protection. Although the county is mountainous, settlers worked hard to cultivate the few areas suitable for farming.
在长期的迁徙过程中，客家人一直遭受当地人的排挤和迫害。但不管走到哪里，客家人始终保持着他们的风俗和语言，保持其相对的族群独立性。甚至比现在的中原人保持更多的唐代的中原文化，（这一点我将在《客家方言》一章里加以论述）。很少与族群外的人通婚，也没有实行妇女绑脚的封建陋习。
The Hakka have always been persecuted by the natives of the regions in which they have settled. Wherever they went, they held on to their own customs and dialect. A close-knit people with their own distinctive customs and dialect, the Hakka have never been completely assimilated into the native population.--- they maintained their cultural solidarity, intermarrying rarely with other natives and refusing to practice such customs as the foot-binding of women.
客家妇女是世界上最勤劳的女人。她们从来没有绑脚，她们需要下田工作，还要经常逃避战乱。由于她们和男人一起工作，所以与别的地方的女人相比，她们的社会地位是较高的。有一个传说：南宋时期，一群操着扁担下田的客家妇女曾吓倒了追赶南宋皇帝的元兵，从而救了皇帝。
Women
Hakka women, even in ancient China, never bound their feet; they were needed to work in the fields, and they also had to be able to flee danger. Because they worked alongside men, their status was higher than that of most Chinese women.
Hakka Women are characterized by their strong personalities of sharing most heavy labor in the family. While during the migration, the men had to prepare all the time to defend any military intrusion, women had to take care of the home and family including minding the fields. They are easily recognized by their typical flat round hat woven with cane fiber, and rimmed with a skirt of black cloth. A round hole in the middle of the hat fits any head size. They are almost uniformly dressed in black with scanty embroidary along the seam. A legend has it that the regimentary look of a team of Hakka women marching to the fields had kept the Yuan soldiers from seizing the refugee Go into Zhoutian -走进周田村
提起周田村，惠阳人无人不知晓。因为这里出了个在中国当代历史上鼎鼎大名的人物叶挺。可能没多少人知道，这个偏僻而弥静的小山村历史上的显赫。走进周田村，每个人都会数出一段家珍。这就是每家每户都珍藏着的《叶氏族谱》。每个人都会骄傲地告诉你叶氏家族的过去。
Talking about Zhoutian, it is well known in Huiyang because of a great figure in history - General YeTing who was born here. It is a quiet small village surrounded by hills and visited by few people outside. But every one in the village treasures their clan history proudly, because it was a brilliant history as their regard as.
叶氏宗谱即是客家人的迁徙史。据《叶氏宗谱》记载；相传叶氏出自周武王同母弟姬呥季之后（公无前1122--前1116年），到了春秋战国时期（公元前559--前545年）楚康王封沈诸梁公于河南省南阳府叶县遂以叶为姓氏。叶氏的宗谱以诸梁公为一世祖。
叶氏的祖先原是河南省开封市（汴梁）人，叶氏的八十五世祖大经公是宋朝宝庆丙戊年（1225--1227）进士，历官二十余年，曾任闽（福建省）制置使，于宋德佑二年（公元一二七六年），元兵入侵，大举下江南。大经公愤恨成疾，免官，流寓梅州（今之梅州市）。遂为梅州始祖。
The people in Zhoutian all belong to Ye family. The Yes'clan history is also the migration history of Hakka. The Yes’ family tree rooted from 3,000 year ago when the family moved to Ye
County of Henan Province in Northern China they took Ye as their family name. Yes’family migrated from Henan Province to Fujian Province in Southern China. In 1276 when the Yuan Kingdom invaded Song Kingdom, Yes’ 85th forefather Dajing who was an officer of Song Dynasty gave up the official rank and moved to Meizhou County of Guangdong Province.
周田村的始祖是特盛公，是叶氏一百零八传孙，曾任欣都左侍郎，于清康熙元年即公元一六六二年同其胞兄逢春，由兴宁县徙居至归善县（今之惠阳区）周田乡，兄逢春后于沙坑立业。
周田村的叶氏宗祠 - The Yes' ancestral temple in Zhoutian
Yes’ 108th forefather Tesheng who was also an officer of Qing Dynasty in 1662 moved from Xinning County to Huiyang County and settled here in Zhoutian。His brother Fengchun moved to Shakeng Village.
叶氏宗族尚武，其祖先身为武将的最早的数十三世祖元训公为汉青州刺史骠骑将军，二十世祖崇公为汉颖川太守骠骑将军，二十二世祖慕公为汉骠骑将军，三十世祖君公为汉骠骑骑将军，其子顺公为汉兵部侍郎，左右丞相等职。当代历史上从武的人也不少。除了大名鼎鼎的叶挺将军外，在抗日战争到解放战争时期，在外当兵的人很多，据说连营以上的官员有300人之多。这对于只有几百户人家的小山村确实是个奇迹。只可惜鱼龙混杂，各为其主。很多去了台湾。象叶挺那样能名留青史的不多。 Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 15:33
请问丫林硬颈到底是褒义词还是贬义词.我不愿听我老爸话是他老骂我硬颈.但我有他们说客家精神就是硬颈的精神 .有点糊涂不明白.
褒扬！代表我们客家人刻苦耐捞的精神！ Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 15:52
那为什么用那个词骂我呢.也有贬义吧.
不知道呀！ Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 15:55
是不是有些词褒义贬义都有的啊.
应该是褒扬的成分多吧？？ Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 15:57
看来你国文也不是很好.
别再说这个了！ Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 16:05
你在台湾长大还是在HK长大.还是在大陆长大.
台湾省！ Posted by 桂客 at 2005-4-11 16:08
你见过名星吗
没有！