華人所創立的第一個共和國國父---羅芳伯
若有重複請版主刪除蘭芳共和國(維基百科，自由的百科全書)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E8%8A%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B
蘭芳共和國（1777年—1884年），全稱蘭芳大統制共和國，是華人所創立的第一個共和國。1770年廣東梅縣客家人羅芳伯在東南亞西婆羅洲（今加里曼丹西部）成立了「蘭芳公司」，1777年羅芳伯將「公司」改為「共和國」，成為「蘭芳共和國」。
蘭芳共和國最初並非政治組織，而是一家貿易公司。是時不少廣東人前往南洋謀生，由於廣東人善長經商，因此不少從事貿易的人都很受當地酋長的敬重。當時由於不少歐洲人前往當地騷擾，所以當地有華人社團從廣東省招請團練，來到南洋擔當類似保鏣的角色，當中勢力最大的是蘭芳公司。後來不少酋長都要求蘭芳公司保護他們，所以蘭芳公司當時的老闆羅芳伯就在當地成立共和國，並擔任國家的元首，總攬國家的保安及各部族之間的協調工作。而各部族的內部事務，仍然由酋長負責。此外，由於羅芳伯得知洋人對清朝仍然非常顧忌，所以在立國之初就立即向清朝稱臣，並派員前往北京朝貢。不過由於擔心清朝可能不滿，羅芳伯向清朝稱臣時決定仍使用「蘭芳公司」之名，而非「蘭芳共和國」。此舉果然使洋人大為顧忌，從而停止對當地的騷擾。而另一方面，早期未有加入的部族，看到蘭芳共和國的成功，亦紛紛表示願意加入成為成員部族。在最高峰時，蘭芳共和國的勢力範圍佔有整個婆羅洲島。1795年羅芳伯病故後，由江戍伯繼任其位。
蘭芳共和國以東萬津為首都，並將立國1777年當年定為蘭芳元年。國家元首稱大唐總長或是大唐客長，意思是華人作客海外的首長，且「國之大事皆眾諮議而行」，以類似於民主選舉和禪讓的形式傳承，前後歷任十二位總長。後來由於清朝在外交上多次失利，西洋人開始認識到清朝已經衰弱，無力再顧及境外的事，趁著中法戰爭的爆發，荷蘭開始重新部署佔領行動。公元1884年，荷蘭入侵蘭芳共和國，蘭芳共和國雖進行了抵抗，但終因寡不敵眾而失敗，其殘餘勢力逃至蘇門答臘。不過，由於仍害怕清政府作出反應，荷蘭並未公開宣稱已佔領蘭芳地區，而是另立了一個傀儡以便進行統治。直到1912年清朝滅亡後，荷蘭才正式宣佈對蘭芳地區的佔領。蘭芳共和國自立國至滅亡，共經歷一百多年。
逃往蘇門答臘的華人一直往西遷徙，並於馬來亞半島定居。當中的一位後人後來更成為了東南亞的顯赫人物，他就是被譽為新加坡國父的李光耀。 Lan Fang Republic
(summary from the book Hakka people - Jews of the Orient by Kao Chung Xi. Summary digest compiled by Jonathan Teoh. Some spelling were revised according to Josef Widjaja, Oct 26, 1996)
Towards the end of the 18th century, Kwangtung Hakkas established a republic in Western Kalimantan which lasted 107 years and had 10 presidents.
The first president is Low Lan Pak. He was born in Kwangtung, Mei Hsien, Shih Pik Pao on the third year of Ching dynasty Chien Long emperor. He married a girl and had a son. But Hakka's custom usually do not take wife along for overseas trip. He left for Western Kalimantan alone to join the gold rush at that time.
He travelled along Han Jiang to Shantao, along Vietnam coastline, and finally landed in Western Kalimantan.
The sultan at that time, Panembahan believing that Chinese workers are hard working, brought in 20 Chinese from Brunei. The sultan Omar in Singkawang, also heard about Chinese diligence and use the lease land system to encourage Chinese to explore in his territory.
When Low Fan Pak reached Western Kalimantan, the Holland has not yet aggressively moved to Kalimantan. Along the coastal area, a lot of Java people and oceania's Bugis people settled down. Also, the Sultan's power were confined to the coastal area, the inland power belongs to the Dayak. The territories among Sultans were not well defined as well.
In the beginning of 1740, the Chinese numbered only a few tens. By 1770, the Chinese has grown to 20,000 strong. By blood clan or by the area they are from, the Chinese established Kongsi(company) to protect themselves.
In 1776, 14 kongsi banded together to form a He Soon 14 Kongsi in order to break the bottleneck of being grouped by area or by blood.
At that time Low Lan Pak established his own Lang Fan kongsi. He then united all the Hakkas in the San-Sin lake area and build a Mem-Tau-Er township and made it the headquarter of his united company.
At that time, Kun Tian(Pontianak) which located in the lower stream of Kapuas River was an important commerce area and was controlled by Sultan Abdul Laman. The upper stream of the river is controlled by the Dayaks. Kun Tian neighboring state Mempawah's Sultan tried to build a palace in the upper stream which led to the fighting between the 2 Sultans.
The Kun Tian Sultan asked Low Lan Pak for help. Since the palace is being built near the Lan Fang company territory, Low Lan Pak decided to help Kun Tian Sultan and defeated the Mempawah's Sultan.
The defeated Mempawah's Sultan then joined forces with the Dayaks and launched a counter-attack. Low Lan Pak again defeated Mempawah Sultan and this time marched North all the way to Singkawang. Singkawang Sultan and Mempawah Sultan signed a peace treaty with Low Lan Pak and Low Lan Pak's popularity increased dramatically. He was 57 then.
After that, Chinese and locals, turned to Low Lan Pak to seek protection, and when Kun Tian Sultan realized that he can not challenged Low Lan Pak, The sultan himself seek protection from Low Lan Pak.
Thus, Low Lan Pak established a government, using his company name, changing kongsi(company) to republic, and formed Lan Fang Republic in 1777, 10 years earlier than USA(1787). At that time people wanted Low Lan Pak to be Sultan, but he declined and take the post of governorship, similar to the president post.
From Qing dynasty's sea nation annals, it recorded that it is a place where Ka Yin people (Mei Hsien area) do mining, build road, establish its own nation, every year has ships reached ng Zhou and Chao Zhou area, doing commerce. >From its own Lan Fang Company annals, it indicated that every year it pays tribute to Qing dynasty like Annan (Vietnam).
The capital was in Ceh Wan Li. The Ta Tang Chon Chang(president) is elected by election. Both the president position and the vice president position has to be of Hakka from Ka Yin or Ta Pu area. The flag is a rectangle yellow flag with the word Lan Fang Ta Tong Chi. The president flag is a triangular yellow flag with the word Chuao (General). The high ranking officials dress in Chinese style while lower ranking officials dress western style clothing.
Low Lan Pak passed away on the second year of the republic. He has been in Borneo for 20 years. he 47th year of the republic during the reign of the fifth president Liew Tai Er, Dutch began its active expansion in Indonesia and occupied the South East region of Borneo. Lan Fang lose its autonomy and became a protected state of Dutch.
Then Dutch opened a colonial office in Kun Tian and intervened republic's affair. In 1884, Singkawang refused to be ruled by Dutch, and was attacked by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Lan Fang Kongsi. Lan Fang Kongsi fought for 4 years but eventually was defeated, and its people fled to Sumatra. Fearful of strong reaction from Ching government, Dutch never declared that it occupied Lan Fang and let one of the descendent be a figure head. It was not until the formation of Republic of China in 1912 that Dutch formally declared its formal control of the area.
Those that fled to Sumatra regrouped in Medan. From there, some moved to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. One of the descendent from these people is Lee Kuan Yew. While Hakkas are the minority in Singapore, it is the Hakkas that played an important part to establish the second Lan Fang company - Singapore.
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